How Frosts, Freezes, and Hard Freezes Differ

How Frosts, Freezes, and Hard Freezes Differ Just asâ the growing of delicate green leaves is viewed as one ofâ theâ first indications of spring,â the first ice of the cool season flags that fall has authoritatively settled inâ and thatâ winter isnt a long ways behind. How Frost Forms Search for ice to shape when these climatic conditions are available: clear evening sky conditions,at or underneath freezing air temperatures at the surface, andcalm winds (speeds under 5 mph (1.6 km/h)). Clear skies and quiet breezes take into account daytime warming to get away from the Earths surface. This warmth out into the upper environment and space. Whats known as a temperature reversal layer structures (temperatures increment instead of abatement as one ventures upward noticeable all around), and permits cold air to settle close to the ground. As the ground temperatures cool to beneath freezing, what water fume lives noticeable all around frosts up onto uncovered surfaces accordingly shaping ice. The terms frostâ and freezeâ are usuallyâ mentioned together, however,â they depict two veryâ different happenings. Freezes Imply Lows Near 32 F A freeze implies that across the board temperatures are required to tumble to or underneath the freezing mark (32  °F). A hard freeze infers that boundless temperatures are gauge to fall underneath freezing (most NWS workplaces utilize 28  °F as the limit standards) for enough time to truly harm or kill occasional vegetation. Therefore, hard freezes have earned the monicker slaughtering ices. A hard freeze for the most part happens when a virus air mass moves into a territory and brings temperatures of 32 °F or beneath. Thisâ freezing cold air is regularly passed up winds, orâ advected,â into a region, and may, along these lines, be related with light or variable breeze speeds.â Ices Imply Lows Near 32 F and Moist Ground Air Ice, then again, needs to do withâ the arrangement of ice gems on the ground andâ on different surfaces. It occursâ in the nonattendance of wind, and theâ freezingâ temperatures are the consequence of radiational cooling. Whereas freezes have to do with air temperature alone, any climate alert having to do with ice not just infers that temperatures are relied upon to be 33 to 36  °F, yet additionally that the measure of dampness dwelling noticeable all around at these temperatures is satisfactory for ice development close the surface.â â Will a Freeze Occur Without Frost Forming? Truly, freezes can happen regardless of whether an ice doesnt. This appears to be odd since it takes colder temperatures (in any event 32 degrees) to get a freeze. It appears youd get an ice (which requires temperatures of 33 to 36 degrees) first. It would bode well that dampness would ice before freezing aside from that ice is more averse to frame when the dew point temperature falls beneath the mid-20s. This is on the grounds that, at such chilly temperatures, there sufficiently isnt dampness noticeable all around for noteworthy ice arrangement in spite of the way that cool enough temperatures are set up to help it. Ice Freeze Weather Safety Most of people dont notice ice, aside from when it frames on theirâ car windowsâ andâ delays their morning takeoff by severalâ minutes time. Nonetheless, agriculturists and ranchers considerâ it is a basic climate occasion. This is becauseâ most plants (aside from a couple of assortments thatâ actually need a hard stick to cajole seeds into germination)â are amazingly touchy to it. An ice too early,â or too late,â in the developing season can bring about yield disappointment and a deficiency of food gracefully. There are various approaches to ensure against ice harm, including: Coverâ plants. At the point when plants are secured, ice can choose an obstruction as opposed to on the vegetation legitimately. Thus, plants not in direct contact with the covering material have the most significant level of assurance. Woven textures, for example, sheets, work best and can offer 2â ° to 5 °F of included warmth. Pruned plants ought to be secured or brought indoors.Irrigate the soil and plant leavesâ before the ice arrives. This may sound bizarre considering water will freeze when theâ temperature drops, yet have confidence there is a strategy to this madness. Moist soil is fit for holding up to multiple times more warmth than dry soil. In like manner, if organic product trees have started their yield, splashing the outside skin with water can really help keep interior temperatures above freezing by permit the outside to freeze and make a protecting barrier.Keep plants watered to ward off drying from cold winds.Bring pets inside at whatever point outrageou s virus is expected.Cover uncovered funnels and open air spigots to demoralize freezing. When to Expect Your First Frost/Freeze To locate the normal date of the primary fall (and the previous spring) ice for your zone, use thisâ frost and freeze information item, civility of the National Climatic Data Center. (To use, pick your state, at that point find the city closest you.)

Phar Mor Case free essay sample

Somewhere in the range of 1985 and 1992, Phar-Mor developed from 15 stores to 310 stores in 32 states, posting deals of more than $3 bi11ion. By apparently a11standards, Phar-Mor was a rising star touted by some retail specialists as the following Wal-Mart. Truth be told, Sam Walton once reported that the main organization he dreaded at a11in the extension ofWal-Mart was Phar-Mor. Mickey Monus, Phar-Mors president, COO and organizer, was a neighborhood legend in his old neighborhood of Youngstown, Ohio. As showing of his dedication, Monus put Phar-Mors central station in an abandoned retail chain in downtown Youngstown. Monus-known as timid and contemplative to companions, cold and unapproachable to others-turned out to be very conspicuous as Phar-Mor developed. Before the fa11of his Phar-Mor realm, Monus was known for purchasing his companions costly endowments and he was building an extreme individual living arrangement, complete with an indoor basketba11court. He was likewise an underlying value speculator in the Colorado Rockies significant alliance baseba11 establishment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Phar Mor Case or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This connection with the Colorado Rockies and other prominent games supported by Phar-Mor took care of Monus love for the high life and quick activity. He every now and again traveled to Las Vegas, where a suite was constantly accessible for him at Caesars Palace. Mickey would regularly dazzle his voyaging friends by giving them a great many do11arsto bet. Phar-Mor was a profound markdown retail chain se11inga assortment of family unit items and physician recommended drugs at substantia11ylower costs than other rebate stores. The way in to the low costs was power purchasing, the expression Monus used to depict his procedure of stacking up on items when providers were offering rockbottom costs. The technique of profound markdown retailing is to beat the different folks costs, along these lines pulling in the cost-cognizant shoppers. Phar-Mors costs were low to the point that contenders considered how Phar-Mor could do it. Monus procedure was to underse11Wal-Mart in each market where the two retailers straightforwardly contended. Shockingly, Phar-Mors costs were low to such an extent that Phar-Mor started losing cash. Unwi11ingto a11owthese shortfa11sto harm Phar-Mors appearance of accomplishment, Monus and his group started to participate in imaginative bookkeeping so that PharMor never revealed these misfortunes in its fiscal reports. Government misrepresentation analysts perceived later that 1987 was the latest year Phar-Mor actua11ymade a benefit. Speculators, depending upon these incorrect budget reports, saw Phar-Mor as a chance to capitalize on the retailing rage. Among the huge financial specialists were Westinghouse Credit Corp. , Sears Roebuck Co. , ma11developer Edward J. de Bartolo, and the lofty Lazard Freres Co. Corporate Partners Investment Fund. Investigators state banks and speculators put $1. 14 biUion into Phar-Mor dependent on the fake records. The extortion was eventually revealed when a trip specialist got a Phar-Mor check marked by Monus paying for costs that were irrelevant to Phar-Mor. The specialist demonstrated the check to her proprietor, who happened to be a Phar-Mor speculator, IUnless in any case noticed, the realities and articulations remembered for this case depend on real preliminary transcripts. Case 6 Phar-Mor, Inc. : Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability and he reached Phar-Mors CEO (C~O), David Shapira. On August 4, 1992, David Shapira reported to the business network that Phar-Mor had found an enormous extortion executed fundamentally by Michael Monus, previous president and COO, and Patrick Finn, previous (CFO). So as to stow away Phar-Mors income issues, draw in financial specialists, and make the organization look productive, Monus and Finn adjusted the Phar-Mors bookkeeping records to downplay expenses of merchandise sold and exaggerate stock and pay. Notwithstanding the budget summary misrepresentation, inward examinations by the organization assessed a misappropriation in abundance of$10 million. 2 Phar-Mors administrators had cooked the books and the size of the tricky administration misrepresentation was practically unfathomable. The misrepresentation was painstakingly done more than quite a long while by people at numerous hierarchical layers, including the president and COO, CFO, VP of mark~ting, chief of bookkeeping, controller, and a large group of others. Numerous elements encouraged the Phar-Mor extortion. The accompanying rundown diagrams seven key elements adding to the extortion and the capacity to cover it up for such a long time. 1. The absence of satisfactory administration data frameworks (MIS). As indicated by the government extortion analysts report, Phar-Mors MIS was insufficient on numerous levels. At a certain point, a Phar-Mor VP raised worries about the companys MIS frameworks and composed a board of trustees to address the issue. Be that as it may, senior authorities engaged with the plan to dupe Phar-Mor excused the VPs concerns and requested the board disbanded. 2. Poor inward controls. For instance, Phar-Mors bookkeeping office had the option to sidestep ordinary records payable controls by keeping up a gracefully of unlimited free passes on two diverse ledgers and utilizing them to make payment. Just those engaged with the extortion were approved to endorse utilization of these checks. 3. The hands-off administration style of David Shapira, CEO. For instance, in at any rate two occurrences Shapira was made away of potential issues with Monus conduct and Phar-Mor monetary data. In the two cases Shapira decided to separate himself from the information. . Insufficient inward review work. Unexpectedly, Michael Monus was delegated an individual from the review cOIpmittee. At the point when the interior reviewer announced that he needed to research certain finance abnormalities related with a portion of the Phar-Mor related gatherings, the CFO thwarted these exercises and afterward dispensed with the inside review work all together. 5. Agreement am ong upper administration. In any event six individuals ofPhar-Mors upper administration, just as different workers in the bookkeeping division, were associated with the extortion. 6. Phar-Mors information on review methodology and destinations. Phar-Mors misrepresentation group was comprised of a few previous evaluators, including at any rate one 2Stem, Gabriella, Phar-Mor Vendors Halt Deliveries; More Layoffs Made, The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 1992. 27 Beasley/Buckless/Glover/Prawitt fonner examiner who had worked for Coopers on the Phar-Mor review. The misrepresentation group demonstrated that one explanation they were fruitful secluded from everything the extortion from the reviewers was on the grounds that they comprehended what the examiners were searching for. 7. Related gatherings. Coopers Lybrand, in a countersuit, expressed that Shapira and Monus set up a trap of organizations to work with Phar-Mor. Coopers battled that the organizations fonned by Shapira and Monus got millions in installments from Phar~Mor. The government misrepresentation analysts report affirms Coopers claims. The unpredictability of the related gatherings associated with Phar-Mor made location of indecencies and fake action troublesome. During its examination, the government extortion inspector distinguished 91 related gatherings. Lawyers speaking to banks and financial specialists brought up that consistently from 1987 to 1992, Coopers Lybrand went about as Phar-Mors inspector and announced the retailers books all together. Simultaneously, Coopers over and again communicated worries in its yearly review reports and letters to the board that Phar-Mor was occupied with hardto-accommodate bookkeeping rehearses and called for enhancements. Coopers distinguished Phar-Mor in its review arranging reports as a high hazard review, and their evaluators archived that Phar-Mor gave off an impression of being efficiently misrepresenting its records receivables and stock, its essential resources.

Institute for International Public Policy Fellowship Opportunity COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Institute for International Public Policy Fellowship Opportunity COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Institute for International Public Policy (IIPP) Fellowship Program is a program of the UNCF Special Programs Corporation that is now in its 16th year. The Institute seeks to enhance U.S. national security and global competitiveness by promoting excellence, international service, and awareness among a representative cross-section of the American citizenry. The IIPP also seeks to broaden access to international education and training opportunities for underrepresented minority college students. The IIPP Fellowship Program provides students from underrepresented minority groups with education and training experiences critical to entry and advancement in international affairs careers. IIPP is a comprehensive program of summer policy institutes, study abroad, intensive language training, internships, graduate study, and student services that include mentoring and career development. Additionally, IIPP provides students with the education and training necessary to successfully enter, advance, and provide leadership in international affairs careers. IIPP Fellowship Components: • Sophomore Summer Policy Institute • Junior Year Study Abroad • Junior Summer Policy Institute • Summer Language Institute • International Internship • Graduate Degree Program in International Affairs/International Relations Eligibility Requirements The IIPP welcomes applications from undergraduate sophomores who: • Are enrolled full-time at an accredited, fourâ€"year baccalaureate-granting institution. • Are U.S. Citizens or legal residents (documentary support required). • Have a minimum 3.2 grade point average (on a 4.0 scale). • Have a strong demonstrated interest in international affairs. • Are an underrepresented minority (African American, Hispanic/Latino American, Asian American, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander). • Plan to seek admission to a graduate degree program in international affairs. Students from underrepresented minority groups, especially those from Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs), Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs), and Other Minority Serving Institutions (OMIs) are particularly encouraged to apply. Though not a requirement, applicants are strongly encouraged to complete at least one of the following courses before starting the IIPP Fellowship: international affairs, foreign policy, a foreign language, political science, sociology, macro/micro-economics, statistics and/or journalism. IIPP Fellowship Funding Package The IIPP Fellowship funding package includes the following: • Sophomore and Junior Policy Institutes: housing and meals in university facilities; books and materials; field trips and excursions; a stipend; and travel from home or school. • Junior Year Study Abroad: one-half of program costs and personal expenses for one semester of overseas study during a Fellow’s junior year, with the expectation that her/his school will supply the other half through financial aid or scholarships and a reasonable family contribution. • Summer Language Institute: tuition and fees; room and board; books and materials; travel to and from SLI; a stipend. • IIPP Internship: depending on whether the internship is domestic or international, IIPP may provide travel costs and a stipend. • Graduate School: $15,000 in matching scholarship funds, provided the Fellow has completed each IIPP program component and will pursue a graduate degree in International Affairs at an Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA) accredited program, or other program approved by UNCFSP. How College Sophomores Apply 1. Visit www.uncfsp.org/IIPP and follow the link “APPLY ONLINE.” Please refer to the complete online application guidelines. 2. Complete all sections of the online application, including: a) Brief statement of your career interests. b) Essay # 1 (Personal Statement) â€" Maximum 500-word statement that tells us about yourself and why you should be selected as an IIPP Fellow. c) Essay # 2 (Issue Analysis) â€" Maximum 750-word essay that explains why a current international issue is important to you and what you would do to address it if in a position to do so. d) Work/Volunteer experience e) Two online recommendations 3. Mail hard-copy supporting documents including official college transcripts, College or University Nomination Form, Financial Aid award letter and/or Student Aid Report. These items must be postmarked by the March 15th application deadline. 4. Application Deadline: March 15th. Applications from college sophomores are not considered complete until all documents have been received. Late applications, including those hard-copy supporting documents postmarked after the March 15th deadline, may not be reviewed by the selection committee. Decisions will be mailed no later than May 1st. Email the IIPP staff with comments or questions at iipp@uncfsp.org.

Influence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language

Influence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2.2. The Process of Americanization in American History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..... 2.3. Different Views on Americanization †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter III The Mosaic of American Culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Chapter IV The Influence of†¦show more content†¦Also the facts we provide would be useful for all those who are interested in this country or who are going to visit it in order to prevent different problems caused by ignorance of inherent peculiarities of the USA. In our scientific work we have examined some books, journals, internet sites providing profound analyses of American history, culture, population, and some newspaper and magazine articles devoted to the culture of the country. Using the historic, comparative, and statistical methods of investigation in our scientific work we studied the mentioned above materials, cited data about the US population by selected ancestry groups, we could define the main countries which had affected the formation of American nation and its language. To distil the complex and rapidly changing nature of America and American life into a balanced survey is a difficult task, but we tried to do our best. We hope that the slides we show in our present ation make our research more interesting, vivid and add to the palette of our scientific work many colorful tones. The given theme has been investigated by us for two years. Thus from abstract work it has developed into scientific research to what the volume of the material we provide testifies. CHAPTER I. IN SEARCH OF AMERICA America is so vast that almostShow MoreRelatedEvaluation of Effeciveness694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Effectiveness of Immigration Threatens American Culture The essay Immigration Threatens American Culture is written by Lawrence Auster In this essay, the author will evaluate the effectiveness of Auster’s paper in terms of its claims, evidence, and the presentation of the claims and evidence. The author’s main claim is that post-1965 immigration is threatening the American Culture. It is clearly stated fairy early in this essay because the author makes a clear introductionRead More Influences of Immigration on U.S. Provinces Essay1117 Words   |  5 PagesOver the years, immigrants influence the aspect of American life by shifting economic, political, and social policies due to their values and beliefs on these areas. This topic of influence raises public issue to whether or not U.S. should limit immigration quotas. 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I m all for equality, but it seems thatRead More Its Time to Declare English the Official Language Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesIts Time to Declare English the Official Language In no way would having English as the official language intrude upon anyones private life, business, or day-to-day living. Official English applies only to the conduct of government business. -S.I. Hayakawa America today is a melting pot of different societies. Everywhere, in every city and in every state, there are Germantowns, and Chinatowns, and Greektowns. America

The Story Of God s Love - 1405 Words

After a month of getting to know the mother of this family, she sits down close and concedes that what she was taught about Christianity doesn’t line up with how I live and act in relationship with her. She asks me to explain the gospel and the following is my response. The gospel is the story of God’s love for His creation and His immense plan to bring us back in relationship with Him. Before the world existed, only God was there, and He decided to make the entirety of creation, the universe and everything in it. When He spoke He created. He made the sky and filled it with the moon and stars and filled the earth bellow with the most beautiful plants and animals. Yet there was still something missing. So the Creator made a special†¦show more content†¦(Genesis 3:15) The man and woman had children and eventually their decedents spread far and wide. God looked for a holy people in a fallen world through which to accomplish His purposes, yet sin was rooted i n the hearts of humanity and they kept turning from Him. Eventually, God spoke to a man named Abraham and promised to bless Abraham and give him descendants that outnumbered all the stars God had made so that they could be a blessing to all nations. Through Abraham’s family line God would bring the ultimate blessing, the promised one who would restore God’s people to Him. Though Abraham and his wife were very old and past their childbearing years, Abraham believed God’s promise, and because of his faith, God considered Abraham righteous and in a good relationship with Him. (Genesis 12:1-3; Genesis 15:5-6) God kept his promise and made Abraham’s decedents into a great nation. Sometimes they followed Him, but mostly they disobeyed, just as the first man and woman did. They worshiped false gods and bowed to idols. God gave them commands to protect them, but they wouldn’t listen. 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The United States Constitution Free Essays

The United States Constitution is the document that is responsible for the making of the United States government that we know of today. The primary goal of the Constitution was to establish a government in which the United States citizens could be governed. The seven principals of the Constitution were established as rules and limitations of power that the new government had to follow to ensure that power was not abused, equally shared, and in the best benefit of the people. We will write a custom essay sample on The United States Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now They included popular sovereignty, republicanism, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, limited government, and individual rights. Each of these principals play a crucial role to ensure that the government can promote general welfare, establish justice, that the newfound government was made to last. Popular sovereignty is the principal of democracy in which political authority is given to the hands of the people. This is important because it gives people the ability to make decisions on their own and allows people as a group to exercise their power over the government. An example of popular sovereignty is how Americans have the choice for participation in elections and to vote on laws. I believe that this is important because if the power was not given to the people than the people’s rights would not be protected, their needs and wants would not be heard, and there would be no democracy. Republicanism is the principal that states that citizens are to be given a choice to vote for representatives in which would carry out the people’s needs. This principal corresponds directly with the popular sovereignty principal because for someone to be able to vote for whoever they choose, that person would of have to be given the right to make decisions people the power belongs to the people. I believe that this is important because if the people were not given the right to choose who goes into office, the government would eventually take over and then America would not be as we know as a democracy. Federalism, in short terms, is the sharing of the power between the state and national government. This was established for the reason being of the state were to handle to problems of local and lesser issues such as state commerce and welfare while the national government can handle bigger issues such as the negotiation between other countries and national bankruptcy. I like to think that the establishment of the federalism principal is important because minor issues won’t be taken to the national level whereas they can focus on something more important. The separation of powers principal divided the power of the government into three different branches. This was a must for the framers because they didn’t want one group to hold too much power. Those three branches included the executive branch, legislative branch, and the judicial branch. Each branch was given different responsibilities to carry out in the government as well as power over the other branches. This principal is important because it doesn’t allow one branch to overpower another branch, prevents a branch from preforming another branches task, and it also allows all the branches to check on the others when necessary. The checks and balances principal corresponds directly with the separation of powers principal. The framers wanted the three branches to be able to limit each other’s powers so that each branch can only have control over their given power as well as to make sure that that each branch is treated fairly. This is important because this principal protects the liberties of the people insuring them that one branch cannot become too powerful. Limited government is the principal that restricts the power of which the government can hold. This principal also falls into terms saying that no one is above the law, meaning that even government leaders are not given the authority to abuse their powers because they too can be prosecuted for their actions. This in my opinion is one of the most important principals because it doesn’t allow anyone to get away with overpowering the government which makes sure that the peoples rights and liberties can be protected as well as government representatives cannot bypass any laws for their own benefit. The last principal of the Constitution is individual rights. This principal gives protection to all citizens of their basic rights and liberties in which are stated as the first ten amendments of the constitution known as the Bill of Rights, shielding people from an overly powerful government. An example from the Bill of Rights includes the right of freedom of speech and religion. This allows an individual to practice any religion that they choose as well as to speak out against or for anything that they may please. This principal is important because it gives citizens the power of certain freedoms without the interference of the government. The ratification of the Constitution was a long and brute process but in the end brought a newfound form of government that has proven to be successful and is in effect to this day. How to cite The United States Constitution, Papers

Summarize Gall and Spurzheims views on the organisation of the mind and the brain Essay Example

Summarize Gall and Spurzheims views on the organisation of the mind and the brain Paper Franz Joseph Gall was a German physician who devised the 19th Century movement known as phrenology. Phrenology was a version of physiognomy, where a persons character could be determined by analysing their facial features. (Jahnke, 1997). Gall believed that not only higher functions were localised generally within the brain but also that different functions of the mind were localised within specific parts of the brain. This work developed into Gall believing that by examining the bumps and indentations on the surface of an individuals skull, a persons particular cerebral organs responsible for different intellectual aptitudes and character traits could be discovered. (Whye, J. v. , 2002). This meant that certain personality traits were assigned to people depending on the shape of their skull i. e. smooth or rough. Gall originally devised 27 faculties responsible for character traits. After which, many phrenologists came up with more of these faculties. If a person had a bump at the back of their skull, (an unusually developed cerebellum) then Gall believed this person to have a strong sexual drive and attributed this to a trait of amativeness. Gall demonstrated this when he studied a woman labelled by society as Galls Passionate Widow as she was well known for her erotic inclinations (Fancher, R. E. , 1996). Gall examined her skull and concluded that her inappropriate sexual behaviour was shown by her well developed cerebellum. Gall also studied other people who had unusually developed necks and found that they also tended to display a more erotic personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Summarize Gall and Spurzheims views on the organisation of the mind and the brain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summarize Gall and Spurzheims views on the organisation of the mind and the brain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summarize Gall and Spurzheims views on the organisation of the mind and the brain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However, even though he had some evidence for personality traits and bumps on skull on individuals, he had a tendency to generalise this finding to everyone even though he not have support for all situations. This led to many of phrenologys criticisms. Whilst there were some problems with phrenology as expected from a physicist theory, Gall still had many followers and believers. One of these was Johann Spurzheim who originally participated in medical research as a student which resulted in him meeting Gall. Gall and Spurzheim in 1805 set off on a European tour from Vienna to Paris in an attempt to spread the idea of phrenology into English speaking countries and to widen everyones knowledge of the theory. (Herganhahn, B. R. , 2001). They promoted new doctrines about the study of the mind and brain and the interaction between these two. They believed that the bigger the organ, the bigger the talent therefore there would be a bigger bump on their skull where Gall assigned a specific characteristic to. Phrenology was becoming more popular largely due to the popularity of Gall. Spurzheim publicised Galls doctrines which proved especially successful in Edinburgh. Phrenology received a review called the Edinburgh Review which largely raised Phrenologys status and led to the first phrenological society being created in Edinburgh in 1820. (Whye, J. v. , 2002) Phrenology also gave people hope to find a true analysis of the status of their mind, to try and reach a sense of self improvement. Phrenologists diagnosed a persons temperament or humour by examining the individuals skull with their hands. This provided an accurate index of talents and abilities. From this, phrenologists could determine a suitable career. Therefore, any person who felt they were undecided about their life, turned to phrenology for help. The central theme that runs through all of the phrenological writings is that man himself could be studied scientifically and in particular that the phenomena of mind could be studied objectively and explained in terms of natural cases. (Bakan, 1966, p. 208). This largely supports phrenological theory. Phrenology also had many practical applications, employers required prospective employees to receive an analysis from a phrenologist in order to obtain a full character reference. This was so they could see their suitability for the job (Whye, J. v. , 2002). However, phrenology did only attract a certain type of person. People who were generally more gullible believed that phrenology was a creditable theory as they were more susceptible. As O. Donnell (1985, p. 78) believed, With or without bumps, phrenologys theory of human nature and personality recommended itself to emerging professional groups searching for positive knowledge'. Phrenology also became very popular in the area of education. The 27 faculties that Gall originally devised were said to become stronger with practice, as muscles do. (Herganhahn, B. R. , 2001, p. 215). Therefore, in order to improve academic ability, people needed to practice the traits associated with the mental faculties. This idea of arranging educational experiences to strengthen certain faculties was named as the formal discipline. This is still evident today as shown by Martin (1994) who found that if children study music for 10 minutes a day, it increases their mental and spatial reasoning. This therefore supports phrenology. George Combe also largely supported phrenology. He was an Edinburgh lawyer who believed that each person is born with a set of talent and that by knowing what our talent is, we can develop a better sense of harmony with ourselves and within society. He showed that the organs behind bumps on peoples skulls could be enlarged through practice and then would be passed on to children. He demonstrated this support for phrenology in his hugely successful book, Constitution of Man (1828). In this, Combe popularises Galls doctrines even further by showing that phrenology can be beneficial for society as t can produce happiness, progress and harmony. I believe phrenology to have been so popular as it gave people hope, especially people who had less self esteem or confidence. Phrenology helped to give people a sense of identity. One legacy of phrenology theory that still remains today was shown by Pierre Paul Broca, a physician. He located speech as being in the 3rd frontal convolution of the left hemisphere and showed that if this area is damaged, then it would lead to aphasia i. . a loss for words. Even though Broca found this speech function to not be where Gall originally claimed it to be, it still supports phrenologys main idea, in that psychological faculties have specific locations. Phrenology did influence psychology as t stimulated more research on brain functions and also the importance of finishing practical information (Hergenhahn, B. R. , 2001, p. 216). Even though the principle that many functions are localized in the brain is still around today, phrenology received a large number of criticisms. Firstly, Galls assumption that the shape of ones skull reflects a persons character traits was incorrect. He had no scientific basis for this claim which led to phrenology never achieving the status of an accredited science. (Whye, J. v. , 2002). This was largely due to Gall demonstrating his theory through observation and tended to discard any observation that did not support his theory. He claimed that any discrepancies in peoples behaviour were because of illness, i. e. organs becoming impaired by disease. Phrenology was mainly discredited by a French scientist called Pierre Flourens. He developed ideas that contrasted largely with Galls, which led to the decline of phrenology. Flourens aimed to study the functions of the brain by means of experimental methods. He largely criticised Gall as he conducted his methods observationally therefore variables could not be manipulated. Flourens therefore attempted to manipulate independent variables and carefully observe the dependent variables. (Fancher, R. E. , 1996). This was done by a technique called ablation; Flourens destroyed part of the brain and observed the consequences regarding behaviour. He also demonstrated this using dogs and pigeons as he believed that human and animal brains were quite similar. From these, experiments, Flourens found some basis for Galls claims in that there is some localisation but not of the kind that phrenologists believed, he found that the cortical hemispheres do not have localised functions. (Hergenhahn, B. R. , 2001, p. 217). He observed that the cerebellum was the centre of a specific function but not amativeness as Gall and phrenology originally believed. Flourens further showed that people do have separate functions but these were evenly distributed within each organ. Flourens also observed that animals sometimes regain functions that they had lost during ablation therefore believed the cortex functioned as a unit. However, Flourens tended to miss the important effects of cortical localisation as he focused mainly on the unity of brain function. In conclusion, phrenology remained controversial and was never truly regarded as a science but between the 1820s and 1840s, it managed to become popular despite its criticisms. The criticisms phrenology fought against have made their mark today as shown by the current education system, i. e. strengthening faculties by arranging educational experiences.